Length, Weight, and Yield in Channel Catfish, Lake Diane, MI

Background: Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) are important to both commercial aquaculture and recreational fisheries. Little published data is available on length-weight relationships of channel catfish in Michigan. Though there is no record of public or private stocking, channel catfish appeared in Lake Diane between 1984 and 1995 and it has developed into an excellent fishery. 
Materials and Methods: Sport angling provided 38 samples which were weighed and measured (fork length). Fillets were also weighed. The best fit estimates of parameters a and b in the model, W(L) = aLb, were obtained by both linear least-squares (LLS) regression (log(W) = log(a) + b log(L)) and non-linear least-squares (NLLS) regression. Best-fit parameters of an improved model, W(L) = (L/L1)^b, were also determined by NLLS regression; the parameter L1 is the typical length of a fish weighing 1 kg. The resulting best-fit parameters, parameter standard errors, and covariances are compared between the two models. The average relative weight for this sample of channel catfish is also determined, along with the typical meat yield obtained by filleting. 
Results: NLLS regression yields parameter estimates of b = 3.2293 and a = 0.00522. The improved model yields the same estimate for the exponent, b, and a length estimate (parameter L1) of 45.23 cm. Estimates of uncertainty and covariance are smaller for the improved model, but the correlation coefficient is r = 0.995 in both cases. LLS regression produced different parameter values, a = 0.01356 and b = 2.9726, and a smaller correlation coefficient, r = 0.980. On average, catfish in the sample weighed 106.0% of the standard weight, (Brown et al.) and the linear regression (no slope) of fillet yield vs. total weight suggests a typical fillet yield of 28.1% with r = 0.989.
Conclusion: Most of the fish in the sample were above the standard weight, heavier than the 75th percentile for their length. Channel catfish are doing well in Lake Diane and the population is well matched to the food supply. Management should attempt to maintain current population levels. In this case, the improved length-weight model, W(L) = (L/L1)^b, provided lower uncertainties in parameter estimates and smaller covariance than the traditional model.
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Development of an hp-version finite element method for computational optimal control

The purpose of this research effort was to begin the study of the application of hp-version finite elements to the numerical solution of optimal control problems. Under NAG-939, the hybrid MACSYMA/FORTRAN code GENCODE was developed which utilized h-version finite elements to successfully approximate solutions to a wide class of optimal control problems. In that code the means for improvement of the solution was the refinement of the time-discretization mesh. With the extension to hp-version finite elements, the degrees of freedom include both nodal values and extra interior values associated with the unknown states, co-states, and controls, the number of which depends on the order of the shape functions in each element. One possible drawback is the increased computational effort within each element required in implementing hp-version finite elements. We are trying to determine whether this computational effort is sufficiently offset by the reduction in the number of time elements used and improved Newton-Raphson convergence so as to be useful in solving optimal control problems in real time. Because certain of the element interior unknowns can be eliminated at the element level by solving a small set of nonlinear algebraic equations in which the nodal values are taken as given, the scheme may turn out to be especially powerful in a parallel computing environment. A different processor could be assigned to each element. The number of processors, strictly speaking, is not required to be any larger than the number of sub-regions which are free of discontinuities of any kind

The Evangelical Public Sphere

The University of Pennsylvania Libraries A.S.W. Rosenbach Lectures in Bibliography for 2009 The Evangelical Public Sphere Michael WarnerSeymour H. Knox Professor of English and Professor of American Studies, Yale University March 23, 25, and 26, 2009 5:30PM Rosenwald Gallery, 6th floor Van Pelt-Dietrich Library University of Pennsylvania 3420 Walnut Street (entrance from Locust Walk) Philadelphia PA 19104-6206 Monday, March 23, 2009: Printing and Preaching: What is a Sermon? Wednesday, March 25, 2009: Between Freethought and Evangelicalism: Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin Thursday, March 26, 2009: The Evangelical Black Atlantic: Wheatley and Marrant Michael Warner is Seymour H. Knox Professor of English and Professor of American Studies at Yale University. His publications include *The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America* (1990), the Library of America edition of *American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King, Jr.* (1999), *The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics and the Ethics of Queer Life* (1999), *Publics and Counterpublics* (2002), and *The Portable Walt Whitman* (2003)

Vocalizations of the Townsend chipmunk (Eutamias townsendii)

This study describes and analyzes the vocalizations of the Townsend chipmunk (Eutamias townsendii) in Oregon. Tape recordings of calls were collected primarily from Forest Park in Portland (Oregon) during 1970 and 1971, and sonograms of these recordings were produced. Findings were compared with those of Brand (1970) who investigated E. townsendii vocalizations in California. The prominent calls in the vocal repertoire of townsendii are the quist, the quirt, and the chipper. These calls all appear to be warning calls. The quist note is a a chevron-shaped (A) figure representing a sound which begins at a low frequency (1-2 KC), sharply rises to a peak at about 11 KC, and then drops sharply to the lower frequencies again. Quists are arranged into bursts, and bursts into sequences. The number of quists per burst and the frequency of the top of the note decreased significantly over time. The interval between burst increased significantly, while the interval between quists seems to increase over time. The variation in the quist rate and related character6istics between Oregon and California townsendii populations is probably a result of subspecific differences. There seems to be a trend in the sciurids from the specific vocal system (one definite meaning per call) of the forest dwellers towards the unspecific vocal systems of animal groups which live in the more open habitats. E. townsendii displays a specific vocal system in which each call seems to have a specific function

Product Picketing-A New Loophole in Section 8(h) (4) of the National Labor Relations Act?

Legal writers have been intrigued for years by the challenge of classifying and identifying the resulting incidents of the joint and survivor bank deposit when an attempt is made to use it as a mode of effectuating a donor depositor\u27s intention to confer benefits on a donee co-depositor. Much in their discussions is useful to one who is concerned with the concept that has evolved in Michigan, where a 1909 statute states that some co-depositors are presumed to be joint tenants. Michigan judges and practitioners must determine, however, whether comment about national trends is applicable here, for in many respects the starting assumptions with which they have had to work seem different from those applicable elsewhere. The use in the Michigan statute of the joint tenancy concept, together with the state\u27s traditional resistance to enforcing contracts on behalf of third-party beneficiaries, has directed the dialogue in Michigan along lines of property rather than contract concepts. However, the statute, because it speaks of a present co-tenancy, is an awkward starting point when it is used to effectuate a purpose to make a transfer at death, a purpose that many depositors seek to implement through joint and survivor accounts

A Comparison of Five Discrepancy Criteria for Determining Learning Disabilities in Secondary School Populations

This research was published by the KU Center for Research on Learning, formerly known as the University of Kansas Institute for Research in Learning Disabilities.Two groups of students were identified in grades 7 through 12--a school-defined learning disabled group and a group of low achieving students who were not receiving special education services. Five operational definitions of discrepancy were applied using test information obtained- from the two groups to determine the correspondence between the existing classification of the students and classifications based on each of the five discrepancy criteria. Two criteria were found to be the most consistent with-current public school practice in selecting LD students. However, a substantial proportion of low-achieving students met these two LD criteria

Strangers in a Strange Land: Foreign Compulsion and the Extraterritorial Application of United States Employment Law

The increasingly interdependent nature of the world economy has made commonplace the overseas employment of United States citizens by United States multinational corporations. When an American company employs a United States citizen in a foreign country questions arise as to what extent the United States may regulate employment activity taking place outside of United States territorial boundaries. Historically, principles of territoriality and nationality have constrained the ability of a sovereign state to prescribe conduct occurring outside of its boundaries. Under traditional principles of jurisdiction, employee relations fell predominantly under the control of the local authorities where the person or persons in question were employed. Jurisdictional principles, however, have come to reflect the increasing complexity of international business relations. Today, principles of reasonableness and fairness supplement rigid concepts of territoriality

Strangers in a Strange Land: Foreign Compulsion and the Extraterritorial Application of United States Employment Law

The increasingly interdependent nature of the world economy has made commonplace the overseas employment of United States citizens by United States multinational corporations. When an American company employs a United States citizen in a foreign country questions arise as to what extent the United States may regulate employment activity taking place outside of United States territorial boundaries. Historically, principles of territoriality and nationality have constrained the ability of a sovereign state to prescribe conduct occurring outside of its boundaries. Under traditional principles of jurisdiction, employee relations fell predominantly under the control of the local authorities where the person or persons in question were employed. Jurisdictional principles, however, have come to reflect the increasing complexity of international business relations. Today, principles of reasonableness and fairness supplement rigid concepts of territoriality